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  <div class="section" id="number-protocol">
<span id="number"></span><h1>Number Protocol<a class="headerlink" href="#number-protocol" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Check">
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Check</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Check" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if the object <em>o</em> provides numeric protocols, and false otherwise.
This function always succeeds.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if <em>o</em> is an index integer.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Add">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Add</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Add" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of adding <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  This is the
equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Subtract">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Subtract</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Subtract" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of subtracting <em>o2</em> from <em>o1</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  This is
the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Multiply">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Multiply</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Multiply" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of multiplying <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  This is
the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_MatrixMultiply">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_MatrixMultiply</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_MatrixMultiply" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of matrix multiplication on <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on
failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">&#64;</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_FloorDivide">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_FloorDivide</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_FloorDivide" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Return the floor of <em>o1</em> divided by <em>o2</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  This is
equivalent to the “classic” division of integers.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_TrueDivide">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_TrueDivide</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_TrueDivide" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Return a reasonable approximation for the mathematical value of <em>o1</em> divided by
<em>o2</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  The return value is “approximate” because binary
floating point numbers are approximate; it is not possible to represent all real
numbers in base two.  This function can return a floating point value when
passed two integers.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Remainder">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Remainder</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Remainder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the remainder of dividing <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  This is
the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Divmod">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Divmod</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Divmod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-0">See the built-in function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#divmod" title="divmod"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">divmod()</span></code></a>. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  This is
the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">divmod(o1,</span> <span class="pre">o2)</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Power">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Power</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o3</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Power" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-1">See the built-in function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#pow" title="pow"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pow()</span></code></a>. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  This is the
equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pow(o1,</span> <span class="pre">o2,</span> <span class="pre">o3)</span></code>, where <em>o3</em> is optional.
If <em>o3</em> is to be ignored, pass <a class="reference internal" href="none.html#c.Py_None" title="Py_None"><code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_None</span></code></a> in its place (passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> for
<em>o3</em> would cause an illegal memory access).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Negative">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Negative</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Negative" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the negation of <em>o</em> on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure. This is the
equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-o</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Positive">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Positive</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Positive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns <em>o</em> on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  This is the equivalent of the
Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+o</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Absolute">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Absolute</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Absolute" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-2">Returns the absolute value of <em>o</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  This is the equivalent
of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abs(o)</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Invert">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Invert</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Invert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the bitwise negation of <em>o</em> on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  This is
the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~o</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Lshift">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Lshift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Lshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of left shifting <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em> on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on
failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Rshift">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Rshift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Rshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of right shifting <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em> on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on
failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_And">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_And</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_And" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the “bitwise and” of <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em> on success and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.
This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">&amp;</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Xor">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Xor</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Xor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the “bitwise exclusive or” of <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em> on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on
failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Or">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Or</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Or" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the “bitwise or” of <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em> on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.
This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceAdd">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlaceAdd</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceAdd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of adding <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  The operation
is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.  This is the equivalent of the Python
statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of subtracting <em>o2</em> from <em>o1</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  The
operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.  This is the equivalent of
the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">-=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of multiplying <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  The
operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.  This is the equivalent of
the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">*=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceMatrixMultiply">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlaceMatrixMultiply</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceMatrixMultiply" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of matrix multiplication on <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on
failure.  The operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.  This is
the equivalent of the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">&#64;=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the mathematical floor of dividing <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.
The operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.  This is the equivalent
of the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">//=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Return a reasonable approximation for the mathematical value of <em>o1</em> divided by
<em>o2</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  The return value is “approximate” because binary
floating point numbers are approximate; it is not possible to represent all real
numbers in base two.  This function can return a floating point value when
passed two integers.  The operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the remainder of dividing <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  The
operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.  This is the equivalent of
the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">%=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlacePower">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlacePower</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o3</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlacePower" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-3">See the built-in function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#pow" title="pow"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pow()</span></code></a>. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  The operation
is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.  This is the equivalent of the Python
statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">**=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code> when o3 is <a class="reference internal" href="none.html#c.Py_None" title="Py_None"><code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_None</span></code></a>, or an in-place variant of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pow(o1,</span> <span class="pre">o2,</span> <span class="pre">o3)</span></code> otherwise. If <em>o3</em> is to be ignored, pass <a class="reference internal" href="none.html#c.Py_None" title="Py_None"><code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_None</span></code></a>
in its place (passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> for <em>o3</em> would cause an illegal memory access).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceLshift">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlaceLshift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceLshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of left shifting <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em> on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on
failure.  The operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.  This is the
equivalent of the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">&lt;&lt;=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceRshift">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlaceRshift</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceRshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the result of right shifting <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em> on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on
failure.  The operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.  This is the
equivalent of the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">&gt;&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceAnd">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlaceAnd</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceAnd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the “bitwise and” of <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em> on success and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure. The
operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.  This is the equivalent of
the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">&amp;=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceXor">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlaceXor</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceXor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the “bitwise exclusive or” of <em>o1</em> by <em>o2</em> on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on
failure.  The operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.  This is the
equivalent of the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">^=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_InPlaceOr">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_InPlaceOr</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_InPlaceOr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the “bitwise or” of <em>o1</em> and <em>o2</em> on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  The
operation is done <em>in-place</em> when <em>o1</em> supports it.  This is the equivalent of
the Python statement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">|=</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Long">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Long</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Long" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-4">Returns the <em>o</em> converted to an integer object on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on
failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int(o)</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Float">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Float</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Float" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-5">Returns the <em>o</em> converted to a float object on success, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.
This is the equivalent of the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float(o)</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_Index">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_Index</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_Index" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the <em>o</em> converted to a Python int on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> with a
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> exception raised on failure.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_ToBase">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_ToBase</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *n</em>, int<em> base</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_ToBase" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Returns the integer <em>n</em> converted to base <em>base</em> as a string.  The <em>base</em>
argument must be one of 2, 8, 10, or 16.  For base 2, 8, or 16, the
returned string is prefixed with a base marker of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'0b'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'0o'</span></code>, or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'0x'</span></code>, respectively.  If <em>n</em> is not a Python int, it is converted with
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyNumber_Index" title="PyNumber_Index"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_Index()</span></code></a> first.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyNumber_AsSsize_t">
Py_ssize_t <code class="sig-name descname">PyNumber_AsSsize_t</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *exc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyNumber_AsSsize_t" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns <em>o</em> converted to a Py_ssize_t value if <em>o</em> can be interpreted as an
integer.  If the call fails, an exception is raised and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> is returned.</p>
<p>If <em>o</em> can be converted to a Python int but the attempt to
convert to a Py_ssize_t value would raise an <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#OverflowError" title="OverflowError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></code></a>, then the
<em>exc</em> argument is the type of exception that will be raised (usually
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#IndexError" title="IndexError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IndexError</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#OverflowError" title="OverflowError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></code></a>).  If <em>exc</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, then the
exception is cleared and the value is clipped to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PY_SSIZE_T_MIN</span></code> for a negative
integer or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PY_SSIZE_T_MAX</span></code> for a positive integer.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyIndex_Check">
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyIndex_Check</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyIndex_Check" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if <em>o</em> is an index integer (has the nb_index slot of  the
tp_as_number structure filled in), and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> otherwise.
This function always succeeds.</p>
</dd></dl>

</div>


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